{"id":5340,"date":"2022-05-04T16:02:59","date_gmt":"2022-05-04T14:02:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/?post_type=avada_portfolio&#038;p=5340"},"modified":"2023-09-28T09:42:59","modified_gmt":"2023-09-28T07:42:59","slug":"freezing","status":"publish","type":"avada_portfolio","link":"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/freezing\/","title":{"rendered":"Freezing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div id=\"congelation-1\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 has-pattern-background has-mask-background hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-background-position:left top;--awb-background-repeat:repeat;--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:3%;--awb-padding-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.67);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_3_4 3_4 fusion-three-fourth fusion-column-first fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:20px;width:75%;width:calc(75% - ( ( 0px ) * 0.75 ) );margin-right: 0px;\" data-animationType=\"fadeInUp\" data-animationDuration=\"1.0\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 intro_titre_rouge\"><p><strong>Construction technique designed to consolidate and temporarily seal soil (or fractured rock)<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"--awb-font-size:25px;--awb-line-height:1.2;--awb-margin-right:3%;\"><p>Soletanche Bachy mostly uses the soil-freezing principle to construct branches or galleries beneath the water table, to contain pollution, create vertical shafts through aquifers or seal openings in structures.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-margin-top:3%;--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;text-transform:var(--awb-typography1-text-transform);--fontSize:45;line-height:var(--awb-typography1-line-height);\">What is the principle of soil-freezing?<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-line-height:1.2;--awb-margin-top:3%;--awb-margin-right:3%;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;\"><p>The principle of soil freezing involves <strong>transforming pore water in the soil into ice<\/strong>, thereby ensuring a sealed and resistant bond between the grains of soil.<\/p>\n<p>Soil-freezing results from the transfer of heat from the ground to a low-temperature fluid (heat-transfer fluid or refrigerant) circulated in boreholes (called freezing tubes or freezing probes) placed in the ground: the water in contact with the freezing tube turns into ice, forming a sleeve of frozen ground around it which, by thickening over time, provides continuity with adjacent freezing tubes.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:3%;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1209\" height=\"700\" title=\"IMG_1933-sl\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_1933-sl.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_1933-sl.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-21667\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271209%27%20height%3D%27700%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201209%20700%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271209%27%20height%3D%27700%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_1933-sl-200x116.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_1933-sl-400x232.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_1933-sl-600x347.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_1933-sl-800x463.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_1933-sl-1200x695.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_1933-sl.jpg 1209w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_4 1_4 fusion-one-fourth fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-bg-color-hover:var(--awb-color1);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;width:25%;width:calc(25% - ( ( 0px ) * 0.25 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:3%;--awb-padding-right:3%;--awb-padding-bottom:3%;--awb-padding-left:6%;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-box-shadow:3px 2px 25px 3px #ebebeb;;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-margin-bottom:3%;--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Inter&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:200;margin:0;font-size:1em;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.5;\">In this section:<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-3 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;--awb-font-size:18px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Inter&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:0;font-size:1em;--fontSize:18;--minFontSize:18;line-height:1.5;\"><a class=\"awb-custom-text-color awb-custom-text-hover-color\" target=\"_self\"><a href=\"#congelation-1\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-1 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-plus fas circle-yes fusion-text-flow icon-hover-animation-pulsate\" style=\"--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color6);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color7);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:8.8px;--awb-width:17.6px;--awb-height:17.6px;--awb-line-height:17.6px;--awb-margin-right:5px;\"><\/i> What is the principle of soil-freezing?<\/a><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-4 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;--awb-font-size:18px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Inter&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:0;font-size:1em;--fontSize:18;--minFontSize:18;line-height:1.5;\"><a class=\"awb-custom-text-color awb-custom-text-hover-color\" target=\"_self\"><a href=\"#congelation-2\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-2 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-plus fas circle-yes fusion-text-flow icon-hover-animation-pulsate\" style=\"--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color6);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color7);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:8.8px;--awb-width:17.6px;--awb-height:17.6px;--awb-line-height:17.6px;--awb-margin-right:5px;\"><\/i> What are the advantages of this technique?<\/a><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-5 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;--awb-font-size:18px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Inter&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:0;font-size:1em;--fontSize:18;--minFontSize:18;line-height:1.5;\"><a class=\"awb-custom-text-color awb-custom-text-hover-color\" target=\"_self\"><a href=\"#congelation-3\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-3 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-plus fas circle-yes fusion-text-flow icon-hover-animation-pulsate\" style=\"--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color6);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color7);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:8.8px;--awb-width:17.6px;--awb-height:17.6px;--awb-line-height:17.6px;--awb-margin-right:5px;\"><\/i> Application scope<\/a><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-6 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;--awb-font-size:18px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Inter&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:0;font-size:1em;--fontSize:18;--minFontSize:18;line-height:1.5;\"><a class=\"awb-custom-text-color awb-custom-text-hover-color\" target=\"_self\"><a href=\"#congelation-4\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-4 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-plus fas circle-yes fusion-text-flow icon-hover-animation-pulsate\" style=\"--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color6);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color7);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:8.8px;--awb-width:17.6px;--awb-height:17.6px;--awb-line-height:17.6px;--awb-margin-right:5px;\"><\/i> Soil-freezing methods<\/a><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-7 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-bottom:3%;--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;--awb-font-size:18px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Inter&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:0;font-size:1em;--fontSize:18;--minFontSize:18;line-height:1.5;\"><a class=\"awb-custom-text-color awb-custom-text-hover-color\" target=\"_self\"><a href=\"#congelation-5\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-5 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-plus fas circle-yes fusion-text-flow icon-hover-animation-pulsate\" style=\"--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color6);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color7);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:8.8px;--awb-width:17.6px;--awb-height:17.6px;--awb-line-height:17.6px;--awb-margin-right:5px;\"><\/i> Why working with Soletanche Bachy?<\/a><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><div class=\"widget-geoloc-render\" data-type=\"mini\" data-lang=\"en\"><\/div>\n\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"congelation-2\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 has-pattern-background has-mask-background hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-equal-height-columns\" style=\"--awb-background-position:left top;--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-margin-top:3%;--awb-background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.67);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:25px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-8 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:45;line-height:1.5;\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\">What are the advantages of this technique?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p>The following factors distinguish freezing from other more conventional retaining or soil treatment techniques:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-border-right:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 0px + 0px ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-center\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-6 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-history fas circle-yes\" style=\"--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color8);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color8);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:28.16px;--awb-width:56.32px;--awb-height:56.32px;--awb-line-height:56.32px;--awb-margin-bottom:20px;\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\" style=\"--awb-margin-right:5%;--awb-margin-left:5%;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The temporary nature of the treatment: therefore generally no permanent modification of the subsoil or natural hydrology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-border-right:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 0px + 0px ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-center\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-7 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-water fas circle-yes\" style=\"--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:28.16px;--awb-width:56.32px;--awb-height:56.32px;--awb-line-height:56.32px;--awb-margin-bottom:20px;\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\" style=\"--awb-margin-right:5%;--awb-margin-left:5%;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>A complete seal is obtained, eliminating problems of water pumping and treatment and possible external drawdown<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:rgba(195,195,195,0);--awb-border-right:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 0px + 0px ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-center\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-8 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon sb-basic-v3environment-red circle-yes\" style=\"--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:28.16px;--awb-width:56.32px;--awb-height:56.32px;--awb-line-height:56.32px;--awb-margin-bottom:20px;\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"--awb-margin-right:5%;--awb-margin-left:5%;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>No chemicals are injected into the ground, preserving the environment<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:3%;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 has-pattern-background has-mask-background hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-equal-height-columns\" style=\"--awb-background-position:left top;--awb-background-repeat:repeat;--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:10%;--awb-padding-bottom:10%;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.67);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first fusion-column-no-min-height fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:1em;--awb-padding-right:1em;--awb-padding-bottom:1em;--awb-padding-left:1em;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-bg-color:rgba(17,73,145,0.8);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(17,73,145,0.8);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-box-shadow:3px 2px 20px 0px var(--awb-color2);;--awb-border-radius:6px 6px 6px 6px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;\" data-animationType=\"fadeInUp\" data-animationDuration=\"1.0\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-9 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:45;line-height:1.2;\"><p>The environmental benefits <i class=\"fb-icon-element-9 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no fusion-text-flow\" style=\"--awb-font-size:32px;--awb-margin-right:16px;\"><\/i>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-margin-top:50px;\"><p>The soil-freezing technique offers environmental benefits:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>No permanent modification <\/strong>of the natural hydrology<\/li>\n<li><strong>No chemicals injected <\/strong>into the ground<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-last fusion-no-small-visibility fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-column-inner-bg-wrapper\" style=\"--awb-absolute-bottom:-100px;--awb-absolute-left:0px;--awb-container-position:absolute;--awb-inner-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;\"><span class=\"fusion-column-inner-bg hover-type-zoomin\"><span class=\"fusion-column-anchor\"><span class=\"fusion-column-inner-bg-image\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-image-align-right fusion-no-small-visibility fusion-no-medium-visibility in-legacy-container\" style=\"text-align:right;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;--awb-max-width:1200px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-zoomin\" style=\"margin-left:25px;float:right;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1209\" height=\"700\" title=\"CH_20210518_004-sl\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-21678\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271209%27%20height%3D%27700%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201209%20700%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271209%27%20height%3D%27700%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl-200x116.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl-400x232.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl-600x347.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl-800x463.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl-1200x695.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl.jpg 1209w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1209px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-no-large-visibility in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:3%;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1209\" height=\"700\" title=\"CH_20210518_004-sl\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl.jpg\" alt class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-21678\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271209%27%20height%3D%27700%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201209%20700%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271209%27%20height%3D%27700%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl-200x116.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl-400x232.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl-600x347.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl-800x463.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl-1200x695.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/CH_20210518_004-sl.jpg 1209w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1209px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"congelation-3\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1352px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:15px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:15px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-10 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-margin-top:3%;--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;text-transform:var(--awb-typography1-text-transform);--fontSize:45;line-height:var(--awb-typography1-line-height);\"><p>Application scope<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.2;--awb-margin-right:3%;\"><p>Soil-freezing can be used for any type of aquifers. In the event of significant groundwater flow (natural or otherwise), pre-injection or denser freezing tubes may be required.<\/p>\n<p>The soil-freezing technique is most often used to excavate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/tunnels\/\">tunnels<\/a>, shafts (mining, etc.), galleries and branches when conventional methods (pumping, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/grouting\/\">injection<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/jet-grouting\/\">jet grouting<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/deep-soil-mixing\/\">Deep Soil Mixing<\/a>, etc.) cannot be used due to the type of ground, depth, surface accessibility, presence of utility networks, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Other rarer applications, such as the containment of polluted areas, may also be considered (Fukushima).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-top:3%;--awb-margin-bottom:3%;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1643\" height=\"700\" alt=\"Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de r\u00e9alisation d&#039;une paroi moul\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#039;Hydrofraise\" title=\"IMG_2647-sl\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-21685\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271643%27%20height%3D%27700%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201643%20700%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271643%27%20height%3D%27700%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl-200x85.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl-400x170.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl-600x256.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl-800x341.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl-1200x511.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl.jpg 1643w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1643px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-margin-bottom:3%;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/SB_SOUTENEMENT-02a_Paroi-moulee-\u00a9-2018-SB.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[c94b847fd5cfe92342c]\" data-title=\"SB_SOUTENEMENT&#8212;02a_Paroi-moulee-\u00a9-2018-SB_\" title=\"IMG_2647-sl\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1643\" height=\"700\" alt=\"Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de r\u00e9alisation d&#039;une paroi moul\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#039;Hydrofraise\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-21685\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%271643%27%20height%3D%27700%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%201643%20700%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%271643%27%20height%3D%27700%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl-200x85.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl-400x170.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl-600x256.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl-800x341.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl-1200x511.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2022\/05\/IMG_2647-sl.jpg 1643w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1643px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"congelation-4\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1352px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:15px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:15px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-11 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-margin-top:3%;--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;text-transform:var(--awb-typography1-text-transform);--fontSize:45;line-height:var(--awb-typography1-line-height);\"><p>Soil-freezing methods<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;--awb-line-height:1.2;--awb-margin-right:3%;\"><p>Two methods are used for freezing soil: the <strong>open circuit method (using nitrogen)<\/strong> and the <strong>closed circuit method (using brine)<\/strong>. Both methods can be used <strong>one after the other<\/strong> (open then closed).<\/p>\n<p>The traditional method, dating back to 1862, of freezing in a closed circuit with brine, proved useful in mines and then civil engineering. The advent of liquid nitrogen, transportable at temperatures of between -196\u00b0C and -60\u00b0C, made it possible to freeze the ground very quickly using the open circuit principle.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-tabs fusion-tabs-1 classic nav-is-justified horizontal-tabs icon-position-left mobile-mode-accordion\" style=\"--awb-title-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-title-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-title-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-title-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-alignment:start;--awb-inactive-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-border-color:#ebebeb;--awb-active-border-color:#e20025;\"><div class=\"nav\"><ul class=\"nav-tabs nav-justified\" role=\"tablist\"><li class=\"active\" role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-1d6dd630351bf02f790\" aria-selected=\"true\" id=\"fusion-tab-method1\" href=\"#tab-1d6dd630351bf02f790\"><h3 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\">Method 1<\/h3><\/a><\/li><li role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-21cdb55acd2318d6bee\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"fusion-tab-method2\" href=\"#tab-21cdb55acd2318d6bee\"><h3 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\">Method 2<\/h3><\/a><\/li><li role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-81301238886de981c9a\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"fusion-tab-combinedmethod\" href=\"#tab-81301238886de981c9a\"><h3 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\">Combined method<\/h3><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tab-content\"><div class=\"nav fusion-mobile-tab-nav\"><ul class=\"nav-tabs nav-justified\" role=\"tablist\"><li class=\"active\" role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-1d6dd630351bf02f790\" aria-selected=\"true\" id=\"mobile-fusion-tab-method1\" href=\"#tab-1d6dd630351bf02f790\"><h3 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\">Method 1<\/h3><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane fade fusion-clearfix in active\" role=\"tabpanel\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-labelledby=\"fusion-tab-method1\" id=\"tab-1d6dd630351bf02f790\">\n<h3>Method 1 : Open circuit method (direct expansion)<\/h3>\n<p>The heat-transfer fluid or refrigerant is <strong>liquid nitrogen<\/strong>. Liquid nitrogen is delivered to the worksite in special trucks and stored in specific tanks.<\/p>\n<p>Nitrogen is introduced into the circuit <strong>through a valve<\/strong> (mostly automatic-opening based on outlet temperature) <strong>in liquid form<\/strong> at the cryogenic temperature of -196\u00b0C. As it flows through the freezing tubes, the nitrogen boils, changing from liquid phase to gaseous phase. For nitrogen, 1 liquid litre produces 691 litres of gas (at 15\u00b0C and at atmospheric pressure). In our soil-freezing process, the nitrogen is therefore heated and then released into the atmosphere in gaseous form, generally at a temperature between -60\u00b0C and -90\u00b0C, via a \u201cchimney\u201d. Around 65% of the cold is provided by the phase change at -196\u00b0C. The rest comes from heating of the nitrogen in gaseous form.<\/p>\n<p>Liquid nitrogen freezing is mostly used in emergency conditions (requiring rapid cooling) or when the limits of brine freezing are reached. However, it is expensive and needs to be carried out with great care by experts, as there is a high risk of asphyxiation in the event of a leak. For this reason, during the nitrogen injection phases in the circuit, it is preferable to avoid any activity in the vicinity of the worksite.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div><div class=\"nav fusion-mobile-tab-nav\"><ul class=\"nav-tabs nav-justified\" role=\"tablist\"><li role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-21cdb55acd2318d6bee\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"mobile-fusion-tab-method2\" href=\"#tab-21cdb55acd2318d6bee\"><h3 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\">Method 2<\/h3><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane fade fusion-clearfix\" role=\"tabpanel\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-labelledby=\"fusion-tab-method2\" id=\"tab-21cdb55acd2318d6bee\">\n<h3>Method 2 : Closed circuit or double exchange method<\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>heat-transfer fluid is a brine<\/strong> (mixture of water and salts), usually of <strong>calcium chloride<\/strong> (CaCl2), whose temperature is lowered to between -25\u00b0C and -40\u00b0C. At these temperatures, the <strong>brine remains liquid<\/strong> provided that its salt concentration is rigorously adjusted (eutectic point).<\/p>\n<p>Using this closed circuit method, the brine must therefore be cooled before being sent to the freezing tubes. The brine first circulates in a calorie-transfer tank in the cooling unit. This tank is fitted with a filter to remove impurities. In circulation, the brine heats up by just a few degrees on contact with the ground (and in the pipes). <br \/>\nThis is the first closed loop in the circuit.<\/p>\n<p>The very low temperature cooling unit has cooled the transfer tank. This unit uses the Rankine principle (like a refrigerator) by compressing then expanding a refrigerant (R507 in the diagram below), which can sometimes be replaced by CO2, although ammonia tends to disappear. This is the second closed loop in the circuit.<\/p>\n<p>The calories of the cooling unit also need to be dispersed and a fluid-air exchanger is mostly used (as in air-conditioning) although a fluid-water exchanger can also be used for space or noise reasons.<\/p>\n<p>Brine freezing is generally preferred to nitrogen freezing for obvious reasons of cost and safety, as this method is both cheaper and less dangerous.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div><div class=\"nav fusion-mobile-tab-nav\"><ul class=\"nav-tabs nav-justified\" role=\"tablist\"><li role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-81301238886de981c9a\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"mobile-fusion-tab-combinedmethod\" href=\"#tab-81301238886de981c9a\"><h3 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\">Combined method<\/h3><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane fade fusion-clearfix\" role=\"tabpanel\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-labelledby=\"fusion-tab-combinedmethod\" id=\"tab-81301238886de981c9a\">\n<h3>Combined method<\/h3>\n<p>This method combines both methods: <strong>open circuit method<\/strong> (nitrogen) and <strong>closed circuit method<\/strong> (brine).<\/p>\n<p>Cooling is carried out in an <strong>open circuit using liquid nitrogen<\/strong> for reasons of speed. Maintenance is carried out in using a <strong>closed circuit with brine<\/strong> for cost reasons.<\/p>\n<p>Implications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The materials are suitable for the cryogenic temperatures of liquid nitrogen<\/li>\n<li>The diameters of the freezing tubes are larger because they are designed for brine (although the diameter of the inner tube can be changed when moving from liquid nitrogen to brine).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Financially, this method is in between the two previous ones. It is of interest in certain circumstances:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Urgent need to carry out freezing (benefits of liquid nitrogen) that lasts over time (benefits of brine)<\/li>\n<li>Higher groundwater flow rate than that permitted for brine-freezing. Use of freezing with liquid nitrogen makes it possible to expand the mass of ice and cut off the water flow. Brine then takes over to maintain the ice. This solution is valid for water flow around the periphery of the mass of ice provided there is no gradual melting of the ice due to excessive transfer of calories.<\/li>\n<li>Since the cooling phase uses nitrogen, it results in less increase in volume. Specific studies must be conducted to confirm this point.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"congelation-5\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-6 has-pattern-background has-mask-background hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-background-position:left top;--awb-background-repeat:repeat;--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:3%;--awb-padding-bottom:3%;--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-12 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:45;line-height:1.5;\"><p>Why working with Soletanche Bachy?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first geoipminipress wrapper-az-middle-align-icon\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content-centered\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content\"><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-3 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:16.666666666667%;width:calc(16.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.16666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-center\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-10 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-tools fas circle-yes\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color1);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color1);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:28.16px;--awb-width:56.32px;--awb-height:56.32px;--awb-line-height:56.32px;\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-4 fusion_builder_column_inner_5_6 5_6 fusion-five-sixth fusion-column-last az-middle-align-icon\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:83.333333333333%;width:calc(83.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.83333333333333 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content-centered\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13 fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>A team of experts dedicated to freezing projects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14 fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>A team of experts dedicated to freezing projects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-5 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:16.666666666667%;width:calc(16.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.16666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-center\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-11 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-users-cog fas circle-yes\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color1);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color1);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:28.16px;--awb-width:56.32px;--awb-height:56.32px;--awb-line-height:56.32px;\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-6 fusion_builder_column_inner_5_6 5_6 fusion-five-sixth fusion-column-last az-middle-align-icon\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:83.333333333333%;width:calc(83.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.83333333333333 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content-centered\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15 fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>An integrated, multidisciplinary team to support your project. All stages of your project are carried out by Soletanche Bachy, including studies, calculations, drilling, works, monitoring, etc.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16 fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>An integrated, multidisciplinary team to support your project. All stages of your project are carried out by Soletanche Bachy, including studies, calculations, drilling, works, monitoring, etc.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-7 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:16.666666666667%;width:calc(16.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.16666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-center\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-12 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-desktop fas circle-yes\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color1);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color1);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:28.16px;--awb-width:56.32px;--awb-height:56.32px;--awb-line-height:56.32px;\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-8 fusion_builder_column_inner_5_6 5_6 fusion-five-sixth fusion-column-last az-middle-align-icon\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:83.333333333333%;width:calc(83.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.83333333333333 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content-centered\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17 fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Dedicated software<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18 fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Dedicated software<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-last geoipminipress wrapper-az-middle-align-icon\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content-centered\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content\"><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-9 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:16.666666666667%;width:calc(16.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.16666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-center\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-13 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-clipboard-check fas circle-yes\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color1);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color1);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:28.16px;--awb-width:56.32px;--awb-height:56.32px;--awb-line-height:56.32px;\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-10 fusion_builder_column_inner_5_6 5_6 fusion-five-sixth fusion-column-last az-middle-align-icon\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:83.333333333333%;width:calc(83.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.83333333333333 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content-centered\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19 fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);\"><p><strong>A design office and methods department working together to support our projects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20 fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>A design office and methods department working together to support our projects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-11 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:16.666666666667%;width:calc(16.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.16666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-center\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-14 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-snowflake fas circle-yes\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color1);--awb-circlecolor-hover:var(--awb-color1);--awb-circlebordersize:0px;--awb-font-size:28.16px;--awb-width:56.32px;--awb-height:56.32px;--awb-line-height:56.32px;\"><\/i><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-12 fusion_builder_column_inner_5_6 5_6 fusion-five-sixth fusion-column-last az-middle-align-icon\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:83.333333333333%;width:calc(83.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.83333333333333 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content-centered\"><div class=\"fusion-column-content\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21 fusion-no-small-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>More than 50 years\u2019 experience in soil-freezing<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22 fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color1);\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>More than 50 years\u2019 experience in soil-freezing<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-no-large-visibility fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"solution\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-7 has-pattern-background has-mask-background hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-background-position:left top;--awb-border-sizes-top:0px;--awb-border-sizes-bottom:0px;--awb-border-sizes-left:0px;--awb-border-sizes-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:3%;--awb-margin-top:0%;--awb-margin-bottom:100px;--awb-background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.67);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_3_4 3_4 fusion-three-fourth fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:25px;width:75%;width:calc(75% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.75 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-13 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:45;line-height:1.5;\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Did you know?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_4 1_4 fusion-one-fourth fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:25%;width:calc(25% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.25 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:5px;--awb-padding-bottom:5px;--awb-border-size:0px;--awb-icon-size:13px;--awb-content-font-size:14pt;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#ebebeb;--awb-border-color:rgba(204,204,204,0);--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:#c3c3c3;--awb-divider-hover-color:#c3c3c3;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#004489;--awb-content-color:#636772;--awb-icon-box-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:var(--awb-color8);--awb-toggle-active-accent-color:var(--awb-color8);--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Inter&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:200;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:30px;--awb-title-line-height:1,2em;--awb-content-font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:400;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-5340-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-427153f67c8bc7498 fusion-toggle-has-divider\" style=\"--awb-title-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-content-color:#636772;\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_427153f67c8bc7498\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"427153f67c8bc7498\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-5340-1\" data-target=\"#427153f67c8bc7498\" href=\"#427153f67c8bc7498\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">It is possible to freeze ground in a dry location.<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"427153f67c8bc7498\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_427153f67c8bc7498\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>Since even the water content of unsaturated soils allows a relative increase in their mechanical characteristics. Another option is to add water by injection.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-7167bdd4327c41492 fusion-toggle-has-divider\" style=\"--awb-title-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-content-color:#636772;\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_7167bdd4327c41492\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"7167bdd4327c41492\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-5340-1\" data-target=\"#7167bdd4327c41492\" href=\"#7167bdd4327c41492\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Brine can be replaced with products called \u201ctempers\u201d.<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"7167bdd4327c41492\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_7167bdd4327c41492\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>The products are less good heat carriers than brine but have the advantage of being more fluid and non-corrosive in respect of the cooling unit exchangers (at -35\u00b0C the brine is not corrosive unless it is oxygenated, although it is corrosive at room temperature). Tempers usable down to -55\u00b0C are classified according to their minimum service temperature. These can potentially be combined.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-fb85aefedcff2bd29 fusion-toggle-has-divider\" style=\"--awb-title-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-content-color:#636772;\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_fb85aefedcff2bd29\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"fb85aefedcff2bd29\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-5340-1\" data-target=\"#fb85aefedcff2bd29\" href=\"#fb85aefedcff2bd29\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-plus fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">A remarkable freezing project for the Grand Paris Express.<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"fb85aefedcff2bd29\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_fb85aefedcff2bd29\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p>In 2021, Soletanche Bachy carried out a large-scale freezing project at Vert-de-Maison station as part of the Grand Paris Express works in France. On this site, freezing was intended to secure the traditional excavation of part of the platforms as well as access to the platforms of the future station. To monitor temperatures in real time during the freezing phase, temperature probes were installed in boreholes passing through the frozen mass.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/a-custom-drilling-platform-at-the-vert-de-maison-station\/\">Find out more about this project<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-8 fusion-flex-container hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:5%;--awb-padding-bottom:30px;--awb-padding-left:5%;--awb-margin-top:60px;--awb-margin-bottom:60px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_3_4 3_4 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:75%;--awb-margin-top-large:15px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.56%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:15px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.56%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-14 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:45;line-height:1.5;\"><p>Our Projects<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_4 1_4 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:15px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:25%;--awb-margin-top-large:15px;--awb-spacing-right-large:7.68%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:15px;--awb-spacing-left-large:7.68%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div style=\"text-align:left;\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-default-size button-custom fusion-button-default button-1 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" style=\"--button_accent_color:#004489;--button_border_color:#004489;--button_accent_hover_color:#ffffff;--button_border_hover_color:#004489;--button_border_width-top:1px;--button_border_width-right:1px;--button_border_width-bottom:1px;--button_border_width-left:1px;--button-border-radius-top-left:6px;--button-border-radius-top-right:6px;--button-border-radius-bottom-right:6px;--button-border-radius-bottom-left:6px;--button_gradient_top_color:#ffffff;--button_gradient_bottom_color:#ffffff;--button_gradient_top_color_hover:#004489;--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:#004489;--button_text_transform:none;--button_font_size:20px;--button_typography-font-family:&quot;Inter&quot;;--button_typography-font-style:normal;--button_typography-font-weight:400;\" target=\"_self\" href=\"#\"><i class=\"fa-arrow-right fas awb-button__icon awb-button__icon--default button-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">See all our realizations<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-20 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-flex-start\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:15px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:15px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-post-cards fusion-post-cards-1 fusion-grid-archive fusion-grid-columns-6\" style=\"--awb-column-spacing:20px;--awb-columns:6;--awb-active-filter-border-size:3px;--awb-filters-height:36px;--awb-row-spacing:20px;--awb-columns-small:100%;\" data-post-type-label=\"portfolio\"><ul class=\"fusion-grid fusion-grid-6 fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-grid-posts-cards\"><li class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-21 fusion-flex-column fusion-column-inner-bg-wrapper post-card fusion-grid-column fusion-post-cards-grid-column\" style=\"--awb-inner-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-inner-bg-size:cover;--awb-box-shadow:4px 3px 5px 5px var(--awb-color2);;--awb-filter:brightness(100%);--awb-filter-transition:filter 0.3s ease;--awb-filter-hover:brightness(105%);--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:0;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:0;--awb-flex-shrink-small:0;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><span class=\"fusion-column-inner-bg hover-type-zoomin\"><a class=\"fusion-column-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/cusset-dyke-france\/\"><span class=\"fusion-column-inner-bg-image\"><\/span><\/a><\/span><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-meta-tb fusion-meta-tb-1 stacked\" style=\"--awb-item-padding-top:2%;--awb-item-padding-bottom:2%;--awb-item-padding-left:2%;--awb-item-padding-right:2%;--awb-height:20px;--awb-padding-left:2%;--awb-padding-right:2%;--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-link-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-item-border-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-item-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-alignment-medium:flex-start;--awb-alignment-small:flex-start;\"><span class=\"fusion-tb-tags\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/portfolio_tags\/cut-off-walls\/\" rel=\"tag\">Cut-off walls<\/a><\/span><span class=\"fusion-meta-tb-sep\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-15 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-margin-top:3%;--awb-margin-right:5%;--awb-margin-bottom:3%;--awb-margin-left:5%;--awb-margin-top-small:3%;--awb-margin-right-small:5%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:3%;--awb-margin-left-small:5%;--awb-link-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-font-size:28px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;--fontSize:28;--minFontSize:28;line-height:1.5;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/cusset-dyke-france\/\" class=\"awb-custom-text-color awb-custom-text-hover-color\" target=\"_self\">Cusset Dyke, France<\/a><\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;flex-grow:1;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-aspect-ratio:3 \/ 2;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-zoomin has-aspect-ratio\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/cusset-dyke-france\/\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"CH_25012011_014_Digue-Cusset_C.Helsy-vignette\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"460\" height=\"290\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/09\/CH_25012011_014_Digue-Cusset_C.Helsy-vignette.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/09\/CH_25012011_014_Digue-Cusset_C.Helsy-vignette.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-20681 img-with-aspect-ratio\" data-parent-fit=\"cover\" data-parent-container=\".fusion-image-element\" alt srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27460%27%20height%3D%27290%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20460%20290%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27460%27%20height%3D%27290%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/09\/CH_25012011_014_Digue-Cusset_C.Helsy-vignette-200x126.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/09\/CH_25012011_014_Digue-Cusset_C.Helsy-vignette-400x252.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/09\/CH_25012011_014_Digue-Cusset_C.Helsy-vignette.jpg 460w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-22 fusion-flex-column fusion-column-inner-bg-wrapper post-card fusion-grid-column fusion-post-cards-grid-column\" style=\"--awb-inner-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-inner-bg-size:cover;--awb-box-shadow:4px 3px 5px 5px var(--awb-color2);;--awb-filter:brightness(100%);--awb-filter-transition:filter 0.3s ease;--awb-filter-hover:brightness(105%);--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:0;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:0;--awb-flex-shrink-small:0;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><span class=\"fusion-column-inner-bg hover-type-zoomin\"><a class=\"fusion-column-anchor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/construction-of-hong-kong-international-airports-third-runway-china\/\"><span class=\"fusion-column-inner-bg-image\"><\/span><\/a><\/span><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-space-evenly fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-meta-tb fusion-meta-tb-2 stacked\" style=\"--awb-item-padding-top:2%;--awb-item-padding-bottom:2%;--awb-item-padding-left:2%;--awb-item-padding-right:2%;--awb-height:20px;--awb-padding-left:2%;--awb-padding-right:2%;--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-link-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-item-border-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-item-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-alignment-medium:flex-start;--awb-alignment-small:flex-start;\"><span class=\"fusion-tb-tags\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/portfolio_tags\/deep-foundations\/\" rel=\"tag\">Deep foundations<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/portfolio_tags\/ground-improvement\/\" rel=\"tag\">Ground improvement<\/a><\/span><span class=\"fusion-meta-tb-sep\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-16 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-margin-top:3%;--awb-margin-right:5%;--awb-margin-bottom:3%;--awb-margin-left:5%;--awb-margin-top-small:3%;--awb-margin-right-small:5%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:3%;--awb-margin-left-small:5%;--awb-link-color:var(--awb-custom12);--awb-font-size:28px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;--fontSize:28;--minFontSize:28;line-height:1.5;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/construction-of-hong-kong-international-airports-third-runway-china\/\" class=\"awb-custom-text-color awb-custom-text-hover-color\" target=\"_self\">Construction of Hong Kong International Airport&#8217;s third runway, China<\/a><\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;flex-grow:1;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-aspect-ratio:3 \/ 2;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-zoomin has-aspect-ratio\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/offer-portfolio\/construction-of-hong-kong-international-airports-third-runway-china\/\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"3205 Trial &#8211; First HC05 Barge (ABS)_juin17-vignette\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"460\" height=\"290\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/08\/3205-Trial-First-HC05-Barge-ABS_juin17-vignette.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/08\/3205-Trial-First-HC05-Barge-ABS_juin17-vignette.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-20646 img-with-aspect-ratio\" data-parent-fit=\"cover\" data-parent-container=\".fusion-image-element\" alt srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27460%27%20height%3D%27290%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20460%20290%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27460%27%20height%3D%27290%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/08\/3205-Trial-First-HC05-Barge-ABS_juin17-vignette-200x126.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/08\/3205-Trial-First-HC05-Barge-ABS_juin17-vignette-400x252.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2023\/08\/3205-Trial-First-HC05-Barge-ABS_juin17-vignette.jpg 460w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-23 fusion-flex-column fusion-column-inner-bg-wrapper post-card fusion-grid-column fusion-post-cards-grid-column\" style=\"--awb-inner-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-inner-bg-size:cover;--awb-box-shadow:4px 3px 5px 5px var(--awb-color2);;--awb-filter:brightness(100%);--awb-filter-transition:filter 0.3s 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style=\"--awb-item-padding-top:2%;--awb-item-padding-bottom:2%;--awb-item-padding-left:2%;--awb-item-padding-right:2%;--awb-height:20px;--awb-padding-left:2%;--awb-padding-right:2%;--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-link-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-item-border-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-item-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-alignment-medium:flex-start;--awb-alignment-small:flex-start;\"><span class=\"fusion-tb-tags\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/portfolio_tags\/deep-foundations\/\" rel=\"tag\">Deep foundations<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/portfolio_tags\/retaining-structures\/\" rel=\"tag\">Retaining structures<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soletanche-bachy.com\/en\/portfolio_tags\/tunnels-en\/\" rel=\"tag\">Tunnels<\/a><\/span><span class=\"fusion-meta-tb-sep\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-17 fusion-sep-none 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